bullet structure : 고정이자 지급 후 만기에 원금 일시상환 (typical bond형식) - 고정이자 : Periodic interest payments(coupon payments) => Coupons - 만기이자+상환 : The final payment includes a lump sum in addition to the final period's interset => ballon payment
Amortizing loan : 중간 중간에 원금상환하는 방식 - A loan structure in which periodic payments include both interest and some repayment of principal > Fully amortizing (만기까지 원금 모두 나눠서 상환되는 것) : the principal is fully paid off when the last periodic payment is made > Partially amortizing (원금 일부만 상환, 만기에 나머지 일시지급)
Floating-rate notes(FRN) = Floaters(변동금리채권)
MRR (Market reference rate) = 변동금리채권의 참조금리
deferred) 연기된, 거치된 *deferred coupon bond - 거치채권
LOS 42.e : Cash flows of Fixed-income securities <채권의 이자지급구조 - Bullet Structure>
- Typical bond / $1000 FV / 5-year bond / 5% 이표율인 경우 현금흐름
Year
1
2
3
4
5
PMT
$50
$50
$50
$50
$50
Principal remaining
$1000
$1000
$1000
$1000
$0
<채권의 이자지급구조 - Fully Amortizing Loan>
- 주로 자동차할부채(automobile loans), 주택담보대출(home loans)이 Fully amortizing 방식 - Fully amortizing loan / $1000 FV / 5-year bond / 5% 이표율인 경우 현금흐름
Year
1
2
3
4
5
PMT
$230.97
$230.97
$230.97
$230.97
$230.97
Coupon
Principal
$50 $180.97
$40.95 ($819.03*5%) $190.92
$31.45 $199.52
$21.47 $209.5
$10.98 $219.99
Principal remaining
$819.03
$629.01
$429.49
$219.99
$0
Sinking fund provisions (감채기금 - 채권의 상환자원을 확보하기 위하여 적립하는 자금.) provide for the repayment of principal through a series of payments over the life of the issue. > Sinking fund provision(감채기금조항)은 채권의 분할상환을 위해 자금을 적립하라는 조항.
감채조항의 장점 : 만기 일시상환방식보다 Less credit risk
감채조항의 단점 : 재투자리스크(Reinvestment risk) ※ 재투자리스크 발생 조건 ① Interim Cash Flow가 증가할 수록 재투자리스크는 증가함 ② Market Interest가 내려갈수록 재투자리스크는 증가함 * ZCB(Zero coupon bond-할인채) 재투자리스크 없음.
<Floating-Rate Notes(FRN)>
- FRN promises to pay the reference rate plus some interest margin. This added margin is typically expressed in basis points. (ex. A 120 basis point = 1.2%)
- FRN은 cap rate(금리상한, 채권발행자에게 유리) 혹은 Floor rate(금리하한, 채권소유자에게 유리)을 설정할 수 있음. > Cap 있는 채권 : capped FRN / Floor있는 채권 : Flooered 채권 / 둘다 있는 채권 : Collar라고 부름.
- An inverse floater has a coupon rate that increases when the reference rate decreases (시장금리와 반대로 이자율설정)
<Other Coupon Structures>
Step-up coupon bonds- The coupon rate increases over time according to a predetermined shedule. (스텝업 구조 - 투자자에게 유리)- Typically, step-up coupon bonds have a call feature that allows the firm to redeem the bond issue at a set price a each step-up date. (보통 각 스텝날짜마다 콜상환이 가능함 - 발행자에게 유리)
Credit-linked coupon bond (신용연계채권) - 발행자의 신용도 하락시 이표율상승 - A credit-linked coupon bond carries a provision stating that the coupon rate will go up by a certain amount if the credit rating of the issuer falls and go down if the credit rating of the issuer improves.
Payment-in-kind (PIK) bond- 현금이 아닌 유가증권으로 이자지급이 가능한 채권 * in-kind는 "동질의"라는 의미로 발행자의 현금흐름이 악화되었을 때 현금이 아닌 동질의 다른 채권으로 이자를 발행헤준다. - 보통 회사가 현금흐름이 부족하거나 레버리지를 크게 일으킨 경우 PIK bond를 발행하기 때문에, Credit Risk가 크므로 수익률이 다른 채권에 비해 높다. - A PIK bond allows the issuer to make the coupon payments by increasing the principal amount of the outstanding bonds, essentially paying bond interest with more bonds.
Deferred coupon bond (=Split coupon bond) 거치채권 - regular coupon payments do not begin until a period of time after issuance.
Index-linked bond (지수연계채권 - 특히 물가연동채권)- coupon payments or a principal value that is based on a commodity index, an equity index, or some other published index nimber. (ex. Inflation-linked bonds, linkers)(지수연동채권의 종류) 1) Indexed-annuity bonds - Fully amortizing bonds 2) Indexed zero-coupon bonds - The payment at maturtiy is adjusted for inflation 3) Interest-indexed bonds - The coupon rate is adjusted for inflation (원금은 불변) 4) Capital-indexed bonds(*가장 흔한 형태) - ex. TIPS (Treasury Inflation Protected Securities) - The coupon rate remains constant & the principal value of the bonds is increased by the rate of inflation. LOS 42.f : Contingency provisions (= embedded options)
A contingency provision in a contract describes an action that may be taken if an event(the contingency) actually occurs. (* Contingency 조항이 없는 채권은 Straight bonds 혹은 Option-free bonds라고 한다)
① Call option(콜옵션) : 특정기초자산을 지정된 가격에 살 수 있는 권리 <-> (반대는) 팔 수 있는 의무 = The right to buy = call option buyer = Long position in call option = Long call <==> The obligation to sell = call option writer = Short postion in call option = Short call - 즉, 채권발행자가 채권을 지정된 가격에 살 수 있는(=상환할 수 있는) 권리이다! (The right to buy = the right to redeem) (반대로는 채권매입자는 채권을 지정된 가격에 팔아야 하는 의무를 가지고 있다) - A call option gives the issuer the right to redeem all or part of a bond issue at a specific price (call price) if they choose to. - For a bond that is currently callable, the call prices puts an upper limit on the value of the bond in the market. - Call price(=Price Upper limit)이 된다. - 보통 언제 Call을 하는가 ? 시장금리가 내려갔을 때(=채권가격이 상승했을 때) => call 후 더 낮은금리로 Refinancing - Callable bond must offer a higher yield (Bond buyers are disadvantaged by the call provision and have more reinvestment risk because their bonds will only be called (redeemed prior to maturity) when the proceeds can be reinvested only at a lower yield.
② Put option(풋옵션) : 특정 기초자산을 지정된가격에 팔 수 있는 권리 <-> (반대는) 사야하는 의무 = The right to sell = put option buyer = Long position in put option = Long put <==> Obiligation to buy = put option writher = Short position in put option = Short put
- Styles of exercise a. American style - the bonds can be called anytime after the first call date. b. European style - the bonds can only be called on the call date specified. c. Bermuda style - the bonds can be called on specified dates after the first call date, often on coupon payment dates. (콜상환 스타일을 의미하는 것이지, American style이라고 미국에서 발행된 채권을 의미하는 것은 아님)
※ Non callable bond(=straight bond = option-free bond) - call option = Callable bond (lower price, higher yield) ※ Non callable bond + pution option = putable bond (higher price, lower yield)
Make-whole Bond : Call 상환 시 남은 잔여채권의 현가를 일시불로 지급하는 채권 - With a make-whole bond, the call price is not fixed but includes a lump sum payment based on the present value of the future coupons the bondholder will not receive if the bond is called early. (the caculated call price is unlikely to be lower than the market value of the bond. call가격이 시장가격보다 내려가지 않음!)
- 그래서 make-whole call provisions이 있는 채권의 경우, 발행자는 일반적인 callable 채권과 달리 금리가 낮아졌다고 해서 call상환을 하는 것이 아니라 주로 기업 상황(acquisition or restructuring)이 필요한 경우에 call상환을 한다.
Convertible Bonds(전환사채) = Straight bond + Convertible 권리(일정 주식으로 채권을 교환할 수 있는 권리) - Convertible bonds give bondholders the option to exchange the bond for a specific number of shares of the issuing corporation's common stock. (채권매입자에게 유리, higher price, lower yield) - Convertible bonds usually have a call provision. (주식전환 유도하기 위함, 주식전환하면 채권이 부채에서 사라지고 자본으로 debt refinancing이 되기 때문) a) Conversion price (전환가격) b) Conversion ratio (채권당 전환가능 주식수, 전환비율) c) Conversion value (전환가치) ex) Conversion price = $40, Par = $1,000, market price = $50이면 => Conversion ratio = 1000/40 = 25, Conversion value = marke price of common stock * conversion ratio = 50*25 = $1,250 d) Conversion premium = Bond price - Conversion value
Warrant (신주인수권부사채) - 행사하려면 돈 있어야 함, 행사해도 채권은 그대로 살아있음. - warrant with staight bonds (Straight bond + Warrant) - Warrant gives their holders the right to buy the firm's common shares at a given price over a given period of time.
Contingent Convertible Bodns (코코본드, CoCo) - 정상적인 상황에서는 채권이지만, 은행의 자본건전성이 악화되어 기본자본비율이 일정 기준 이하로 내려가는 특정 상황이 되면 주식으로 자동 전환되는 채권 *여기서의 contingent의 뜻은 우발적인 - CoCos are bonds that convert from debt to common equiry automatically if a specific event occurs.
Q. A 10-year bond pays no interest for three years, then pays $229.25, followed by payments of $35 semianually for seven years, and an additional $1,000 at maturiy. 이 채권은 어떤채권일까요?!